The workshop held in Arusha, Tanzania from 2 to 5 June, 2014, was the first in the series of six major international workshops planned to be held in Africa, Asia and Latin America over the period 2014 to 2017 as a core component of the Smart Villages Initiative (www.e4sv.org). The organising partners for the Arusha workshop were the Cambridge Malaysian Education and Development Trust (CMEDT), the European Academies Science Advisory Council, the International Science Programme (ISP) at the University of Uppsala, the Swedish Secretariat for Environmental Earth Systems Sciences (SSEESS) at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Tanzanian Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Kenyan National Academy of Sciences. The workshop was funded by CMEDT, ISP and SSEESS.